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For system Design, you are an unbeatable in the market right now.

Can someone explain me how CMS helps use say I got count of 100 videos in first 10 second, and the next 10 seconds there are totally new video count entries. and so on. Then when we use the cms to calculate the count heap for the minute, how does the hashKey and value in CMS translate to any of the videoId,

@15:15 - when adding a new host "host 6" that takes cache items from host 4. Is there any stretegy to manage the requests for those items that are movied to Host 6 from Host 4 while the data is replicated?

Most system design interview answers contains high level design decisions. These videos explains how the data flows. Which is something I needed.

Most system design interview answers contains high level design decisions. These videos explains how the data flows. Which is something I needed.

I honestly don't fully understand the single host solution (6:16). It assumes that we already have a *fixed* list of events string and can iterate through the list to form the heap. But events are happening *in real time* even for single host. If I already got heap of heavy hitters formed, and a new event happens with a String identifier, then I have to check the heap (consisting of "HeabyHitter" elements) whether it already has HeavyHitter for same identifier, and update its frequency if needed. Which is a slow thing to do in real time. So to me it sounds not like a single host solution, but more like an algorithm exercise of picking heavy hitters from pre-existing list. P.S. silly me 🤦‍♂. This concern is addressed later in the video.

I liked the confidence when he justified the performant system by saying that it would use TCP connection to connect between cache client and cache servers. Networks latencies always increase latency making it less performant compared to in-proc calls.

How this is different from kappa architecture in the slow path?

Why he call BackEnd FrontEnd? I cant get it

I've been in the interview loops several times in my 8year software engineering career and as part of interviewing, I've followed multiple different system design interview preparation sources. This video is the best source of information that one needs when preparing for a system design interview. The way the concepts are put in a clear, concise and defined manner is commendable. Really appreciate the hard work put behind creating such an informative video.

Why didn't you consider a multi-leader approach? Your approach seems to be a single-leader approach. Did you assume that you're optimizing for high reads but not high writes?

What is the role of the red box (data partitioner) (22:26)? Data is already batched and partitioned in the first messaging system. Can you elaborate more on this?

Merging top k lists from different partitions won't be entirely accurate right? so lets say if one video falls into k+1 position into two partitions, then we lose that video right. Or have we made sure that partitioning is such that each partition will get the same video, but then we might have the problem of hot partitions?

I believe this can explain the reason why we cannot use 60 1-min stores of topK elements to create 1 hour store of topK elements. Imagine we only have 4 possible videos to watch on youtube(A, B, C, D) and we want to find top3 viewed videos for every 1-hour window given we have all the top3 video view counts for 60 1-min windows. Imagine in the first 59 1-min windows we get the following: 10 views of A, 10 views of B, 10 views of C, 9 views of D And in the 60th window we get the following: 10 views of A, 10 views of B, 5 views of C, 70 views of D. In one hour these were the actual views of the 4 videos: views of A = 10*60 = 600 views of B = 10*60 = 600 views of C = 10*59 + 5 = 595 views of D = 9*59 + 70 = 601 Top3 should return D,A and B But if we had only 60 1-min window information these are the views we can count: views of A = 10*60 = 600 views of B = 10*60 = 600 views of C = 10*59 = 590 (we dont count the 5 from the last 1-min window because top3 in last 1-min window was D, A and B) views of D = 70 (we dont count 9*59 from the first 59 1-min videos since top3 were A,B and C. So with this calculation we would incorrectly get A,B,C has the top3 instead of D,A,B. Hope this helped.

Found it insightful. Thank you for creating this video.

To the point, while still covering all aspects of the problem. 19:59 if you only wanted a summary

Love the video. I know it's been a while, but I have a quesiton. In the fast path, when using the Count-Min Sketch, you mentioned that "memory isn't an issue thus we don't need partition". It is true that the CMS only answer the question of "how many counts we have for a key X" with fixed memory. But we still need to store all the keys that we have seen in order to rank it with a heap, right? In that case, we still have a memory issue the number of unique keys would grow, just like a hashmap

I don't understand why do we need to fill the bucket at a constant rate? Can't we instead add a token to it when a request completes?

I think you can do better on the slow part by pre-computing chunks of powers of 2 sizes like in a segment tree. For example imagine you have data from timestamps 1 to 10. you would have the following chunks: [1-10] / \ [1-8] [9-10] / \ | \ [1-4] [5-8] [9][10] / \ / \ [1-2] [3-4] [5-6] [7-8] / \ / \ / \ | \ [1][2][3][4] [5][6] [7][8] Calculating each chunk would take up to log(n) steps. This approach also would eat more space, about 4 times more, but enables online data-processing and real-time accurate response. We can distribute this data structures into many machine using the approach in Shipeng Li's article Distributed Segment Tree: A Unified Architecture to Support Range Query and Cover Query. As the timestamps might yield very sparse segments, we can "compress" 10s or 100s of contiguous timestamp into a single value for faster access, but that would require merging each chunk individually in case a query looks for data that is not fully covered by the range.

hmm, I have walked the 11:36 earlier for my previous interview, I got lost by flooding questions from interview in high level design. The whole interview went like a disaster

Thank you, king.

Could you please also list out few distributed caches examples in description. Are they redid, memcached ?

What are the examples of distributed caches

One brilliant thing about this video is that that the teacher is literally designing another Kafka when talking about partitions piece of the system(the one which is used by partition service). Rather than abstracting that piece by just calling it Kafka, the author is talking about the barebones structure of that piece thereby also teaching us how Kafka itself works(on some level).

I am getting started with System design, can someone explain what is frontend service after the load balancer? In a usual web development context, we use the frontend term for clients but I am assuming it means something different here? I love how detailed these videos are but struggling to understand this one and Distributed Message Queue because of this frontend service. Any help is appreciated.

OMG, this is still the best system design video i've ever seen. it's not only for interview, but also for actual system solution design.

25:20 some magic happening

small doubt does LRU works with data in single machine @33:36 because if we have oldest data in machine 2 but chache is not filled and cache is filled in machine1 but we have recent data than machine 2 so lru will delete data from machine 1 but effective deletetion would have been to delete from machine 2 . Any idea on it

Please come back man, the community needs you.

Don't understand at 14:22, how 2 more tokens were added in refill method call at t2? As per the algorithm, 5 more tokens should be added. Refilling need to be done at t2 since there are not enough tokens left. So Number of tokens to be added = (t2 - t0)*refillRate = (t0+300+200-t0)*[(1/100) tokens/ms) = (500 ms)*(1/100) = 5 tokens

We're designing a notification service, so a pub/sub service. And Kafka is mentioned as a potential choice for a message queue and stream processing platform. But Kafka itself can be used as a pub/sub service, so maybe just use that functionality of Kafka instead? :)

Some confusion around merging top K lists over a time interval. Are we losing a lot of data here? For example, k = 2, for first 1 min, top 2 are A = 100, B = 99, for the second min, top 2 are C = 100, D = 99, merging these two lists gives us A and B as the top 2. But there might be a E which had 98 views in the first min and 98 views in the second min. E should be the most viewed video in this case. In general, how does merging top K lists work?

Great video ! Minor comment @ 14:14 when second request came for 5 tokens, time is t0 + 500ms, bucket should be filled with 5 tokens instead of 2 token.

I’ll be back.

Wowww!!! These videos really helped me to prepare for my SD interview. Is there anything similar for ML System Design interviews?

Wowww!!! These videos really helped me to prepare for my SD interview. Is there anything similar for ML System Design interviews?

These video series are super amazing, no doubt. However, my opinion is that none of these system design solutions are intuitive. If you've watched these videos and remember some of the key points, then you can perform well during interviews. If you haven't watched these videos, then good luck. There is no way someone that hasn't watched these videos, or someone that hasn't worked on these things to randomly come up with suggestions like count-min sketch, fast and slow processor, etc. That's a little disappointing. I've watched all of Mikhail's videos, but if somebody asks me to design Tiktok or Airbnb, I'm sad that I will again feel clueless. I can talk a bit about load balancing, replication, partitioning/sharding, security, etc, but the core logic seems like you would require very specific domain knowledge. You either know it or you don't - you can't make it up on the spot :(

Thanks for the amazing video! It really helped me with preparing for the upcoming system design interview.

Explanation for why we cannot accurately merge top-k heavy hitters of 60 1-minute periods to get the top-k heavy hitters for 1-hour period: Take this instance for example, where we want top-1 heavy hitters, and the top 2 heavy hitters for the last 60 1-minute periods are as follows - Minute 1: video1 = 100 times video2 = 0 times Each of the Minute 2, Minute 3, ..., Minute 60: video2 = 2 times video1 = 1 time Merge these lists to get [video1] as the top-1 heavy hitter in the last 60-minute period. video1 = 100+59*1 = 159 times video2 = 0+59*2 = 118 times But merge only the top-1 lists and you get [video2] as the top-1 heavy hitter in the last 60-minute period. video1 = 100 times video2 = 59*2 = 118 times

simply the best.

ruclips.net/video/kx-XDoPjoHw/видео.html The reason would be that because only the top k elements are saved for each minute, the other element counts are lost, and won't be added to the calculation to the hourly top k

Solid design. Given the title is system design, we can skip the implementation details and focus more on the trade offs

Brilliant content! Please start uploading again!

Thank you so much for this video.

Around 13:15 there's a bug in the code. If tokensToAdd is 0 we still update the timestamp. This means if we have lots of requests close to each other with all tokensToAdd being 0 we may never refill the bucket. Solution is to only update the timestamp when tokensToAdd is non zero.

epitome of system design

I laughed so hard at 42:24, and grab a cup of coffee then

God, how wrong I was when dedicated only 2 hours for watching that. I spend couple weeks absorbing and digesting information, and just cannot express my gratitude enough. It is very useful, very well explained!

Very good explanation!